![]() ![]() The atomic weight of hydrogen has been based on mass-spectrometric The low concentration of ²H in normal sources of hydrogen may have delayed itsĭiscovery until 1931 when hydrogen isotope fractionation was demonstrated by distillation, electrolysis, evaporation,Īnd in environmental samples. The minor stable isotope ²H is known asĭeuterium, with symbol D. The long-term pathway focuses on both (1) cold or cryo-compressed hydrogen storage, where increased hydrogen density and insulated pressure vessels may allow for DOE targets to be met and (2) materials-based hydrogen storage technologies, including sorbents, chemical hydrogen storage materials, and metal hydrides, with properties having potential to meet DOE hydrogen storage targets.The major stable isotope ¹H is also known as protium. ![]() The near-term pathway focuses on compressed gas storage, using advanced pressure vessels made of fiber reinforced composites that are capable of reaching 700 bar pressure, with a major emphasis on system cost reduction. To overcome these challenges HFTO is pursuing two strategic pathways, targeting both near-term and long-term solutions. Onboard hydrogen storage capacities of 5–13 kg hydrogen will be required to meet the driving range for the full range of light-duty vehicle platforms. On a volume basis, however, the situation is reversed liquid hydrogen has a density of 8 MJ/L whereas gasoline has a density of 32 MJ/L, as shown in the figure comparing energy densities of fuels based on lower heating values. On a mass basis, hydrogen has nearly three times the energy content of gasoline-120 MJ/kg for hydrogen versus 44 MJ/kg for gasoline. The importance of the 300-mile-range goal can be appreciated by looking at the sales distribution by range chart on this page, which shows that most vehicles sold today are capable of exceeding this minimum. The required large storage volumes may have less impact for larger vehicles, but providing sufficient hydrogen storage across all light-duty platforms remains a challenge. While some light-duty hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) that are capable of this range have emerged onto the market, these vehicles will rely on compressed gas onboard storage using large-volume, high-pressure composite vessels. However, fuel-cell-powered vehicles require enough hydrogen to provide a driving range of more than 300 miles with the ability to quickly and easily refuel the vehicle. This is less of an issue for stationary applications, where the footprint of compressed gas tanks may be less critical. Presently available storage options typically require large-volume systems that store hydrogen in gaseous form. High density hydrogen storage is a challenge for stationary and portable applications and remains a significant challenge for transportation applications. Related links provide details about DOE-funded hydrogen storage activities. The Hydrogen Materials-Advanced Research Consortium (HyMARC) conducts foundational research to understand the interaction of hydrogen with materials in relation to the formation and release of hydrogen from hydrogen storage materials. The collaborative Hydrogen Storage Engineering Center of Excellence conducts analysis activities to determine the current status of materials-based storage system technologies. $10/kWh ($333/kg stored hydrogen capacity).Specific system targets include the following: ![]() By 2020, HFTO aims to develop and verify onboard automotive hydrogen storage systems achieving targets that will allow hydrogen-fueled vehicle platforms to meet customer performance expectations for range, passenger and cargo space, refueling time, and overall vehicle performance. Department of Energy (DOE) hydrogen storage targets for onboard light-duty vehicle, material-handling equipment, and portable power applications. The goal is to provide adequate hydrogen storage to meet the U.S. HFTO conducts research and development activities to advance hydrogen storage systems technology and develop novel hydrogen storage materials. ![]()
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